An Evaluation Of The Client - 1861 Words

Overview The client is a 42 year old white male who has been court ordered to receive bereavement counseling. The client is currently living in Trumann with a friend while he is closing on a house. He was born and raised in the north east Arkansas area. The client completed the 12th grade and attended college for two years at Arkansas State University. While attending college the client was an active member of the college Rugby team. The client stopped attending college in order to join the Navy. He served for eight years total in the Navy in the account dispersal field. He has never been deployed to a combat area and was honorably discharged from service sometime in the early 2000’s. The client currently works full time for an Art†¦show more content†¦He was initially court ordered for DWI courses but due to the nature of his offense and the underlying circumstances, the courts determined his issue to not be alcohol, but the coping mechanism my client was using in th e loss of his son. My client lost his oldest son about two years ago. His son moved to Georgia to be near his mother. Only a few weeks after arriving to Georgia his son come up missing. There were search parties being conducted and my client drove to Georgia to look for his son. A couple of weeks after the initial missing report, my client’s son was found in the woods of Georgia, he was deceased. An autopsy concluded that there was foul play and that this incident would be investigated as a homicide. Following the investigation, three local Georgia men were determined to be involved in the murder of my client’s son. The investigation concluded the belief that these three gentleman lived in a nearby apartment complex. They premeditated to murder my client’s son based on a robbery. They believed that the young man had sold a truck earlier in the day. The three men charged requested that the young man help move some furniture at their apartment. During this event i s when they strangled him to death and began searching for the money that the son had made from selling a vehicle earlier that day. The report read that there was not any money taken because the money was spent the same day the vehicle was sold.

Environmental Challenges Facing the American Auto Industry...

The American auto industry began in the late 1880’s, evolving from the horse powered wagon, steam powered cars, gasoline powered then to the hybrids and hydrogen fuel celled technology today. Henry Ford and the Ford Motor Company were the first to mass produce cars. American automobile manufacturers dominated as the largest volume producers in the world until the 1980’s when the Japanese became the largest producers. The Chinese with 14.8 percent have become the number one volume producer in the world OICA (2014). The United States at 6.9 percent has dropped in position to the second highest volume auto producer in the world. The focus of this paper will be about the environmental challenges facing the American auto industry. In this†¦show more content†¦The American auto industry will face major competition in the next five years from Europe, China, Japan and other emerging markets. In order to remain viable U.S. auto manufacturers must continue to seek out n ew markets, mergers and invest in new technology. The American auto makers have already invested billions of dollars in new technology. Every year at the major automobiles shows new concept cars are unveiled as each auto maker seeks to drum up consumer interest along with domestic and international investment. The U.S. government with a stated goal of reducing the dependence on oil has called for companies to put one million electric vehicles on the road by 2015 (D.O.E 2011). General Motors and Ford have already invested in hybrids and GM’s Chevy volt is already a top selling electric car. GM has invested a lot of money in hydrogen fuel cell technology and according to CEPGI (2014) General Motors has the all-time lead in fuel patents between 2002 and 2012. According to GM News (2013) â€Å"GM’s fuel cell test fleet has accumulated nearly 3 million miles, more than any other automaker†. General Motors has also entered into deal with Honda Motor to produce newer g enerations of fuel cells. GM is targeting 2020 as a launch date and is happy to allow Toyota to take the lead in launching hydrogen fuel cell cars. GM’s rationale is that Toyota will spend money to advertise and debut theShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry Essay955 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: Environmental challenges facing the American auto industry 1 Environmental challenges facing the American auto industry BUS1101 Unit 5 Written Assignment University of the People ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES FACING THE AMERICAN AUTO INDUSTRY 2 Environmental challenges facing the American auto industry The traditional internal combustion engine has been the mainstream automobile power source and even after the next generation vehicle engines made an appearance. The new generation enginesRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing American Auto Industry953 Words   |  4 PagesENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES FACING AMERICAN AUTO INDUSTRY The environmental challenges facing American auto industry is very huge, as a result of large number of vehicles on the road causing air emission, pollution of the environment that has a negative impact to people’s health today, due to the toxicology and the effect of carbon, hydrogen and carbon monoxide emission on the environment. These has also contributed to the climate change, death and disappearing of some species of wild lifeRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry Essay775 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Challenges facing the American Auto Industry The American Auto Industry has evolved for many decades with pioneers such as Ford Motor Company. The United States Auto Industry was once upon a time a global leader in the automotive industry but due to knowledge and skills acquisition by other automobile manufacturers such as Toyota, the once American Auto Industry leadership has been surpassed. I will give discuss this following paragraphs. Global Competition in the Industry So far theRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry1385 Words   |  6 Pages Environmental challenges facing the American auto industry xxxxxx xxxxxx University of the People Word count: words Abstract This paper covers the current environmental challenges the face the American auto industry as a whole and the impact that has. Environmental challenges facing the American auto industry The American Auto industry is well known world wide with many manufacturers carving a path for their business and brand, most becoming householdRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Challenges Facing the American Auto Industry †¢ The global competition in the industry †¢ New technology for powering the product that industry produces †¢ The effect of emissions on the environment and government reactions †¢ The consumer opinions about the product the industry produces The Environmental Challenges Facing the American Auto Industry According to the Environmental Protection article at www.eponline.com, it states that the environmental issues top the list of challengesRead MoreThe Environmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry1033 Words   |  5 PagesThe environmental challenges facing the American auto industry. At the beginning of twenty centuries until now the American auto industry has been growing and in demand. Henry Ford innovated mass-production techniques that became standard, with Ford, General Motors and Chrysler emerges as the â€Å"Big Three† auto companies by the 1920s. Manufacturers funneled their resources to the military during World War II, and afterward automobile production in Europe and Japan soared to meet demand. Once vitalRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry Essay900 Words   |  4 PagesThe Environmental Challenges Facing the American Auto Industry This essay seeks to analyse the environmental challenges facing the American auto industry. I will examine the global competition, new technologies for automobile powering, the effects of emissions, and customer opinion about the industry in the following paragraphs. (Select USA, n.d.), have identified the United States as having one of the largest automotive markets in the world, as it is home to thirteenRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing American Auto Industry Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesEnvironmental challenges facing American Auto industry Introduction The first gasoline powered automobile was built 1885 in Germany. The first car was engineered by Henry Ford in 1896. He took things a notch higher by establishing an assembly line which enabled him to mass produce the vehicles thus making them affordable to the consumers. The use of automobiles has since increased in the US and other parts of the world. By 1999, the US alone had over 200 million passenger cars and light trucksRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry Essay1408 Words   |  6 PagesThe environmental challenges facing the American Auto Industry When the automobile was introduced to the public, they immediately fell in love with it. It was a welcome miracle of science, clean, efficient and a reliable machine compared to the horse and carriage which required constant cleaning and a large place for storage. As more and more people acquired these machines, no one noticed the changes it made to the environment. The term smog was first used in California around the 1940’s to describeRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry895 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry The automobile manufacturing industry is one of the largest industries in the United States and there are some worldwide famous companies such as Ford and General Motors. Henry Ford innovated mass production techniques that became standard, with Ford, General Motors and Chrysler emerging as the â€Å"Big Three† auto companies by the 1920s (Foner - Garraty 1991) (Bland,A).† As I wrote earlier, Ford, General Motors and Chrysler are called Environmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry... The environmental challenges facing the American Auto Industry When the automobile was introduced to the public, they immediately fell in love with it. It was a welcome miracle of science, clean, efficient and a reliable machine compared to the horse and carriage which required constant cleaning and a large place for storage. As more and more people acquired these machines, no one noticed the changes it made to the environment. The term smog was first used in California around the 1940’s to describe a yellow-brown haze that caused eyes to water, and headaches. It was found that the exhausts of the combustion engine brought forth this poison cloud that caused not only mild irritations but also had long lasting effects such respiratory problems and lung cancer. It wasn’t until 1965 when congress finally decided to do something about it and passed the vehicle air pollution and control act. Yet, it was not enough and so congress later decided that to further protect the environment and its citizens it needed to pass more laws. Laws tha t determined manufactures of the vehicle, safety, emissions and the use of any new technologies to help minimize the damage to the environment. As the globalization opens many doors for sales, it also opens doors for more clients demand on the company s products. This creates a new approach for managers to adapt new cultures and adopt new strategies to build what the client likes and dislikes in the global market. It is stated that the giantShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry Essay955 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: Environmental challenges facing the American auto industry 1 Environmental challenges facing the American auto industry BUS1101 Unit 5 Written Assignment University of the People ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES FACING THE AMERICAN AUTO INDUSTRY 2 Environmental challenges facing the American auto industry The traditional internal combustion engine has been the mainstream automobile power source and even after the next generation vehicle engines made an appearance. The new generation enginesRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing American Auto Industry953 Words   |  4 PagesENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES FACING AMERICAN AUTO INDUSTRY The environmental challenges facing American auto industry is very huge, as a result of large number of vehicles on the road causing air emission, pollution of the environment that has a negative impact to people’s health today, due to the toxicology and the effect of carbon, hydrogen and carbon monoxide emission on the environment. These has also contributed to the climate change, death and disappearing of some species of wild lifeRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry Essay775 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Challenges facing the American Auto Industry The American Auto Industry has evolved for many decades with pioneers such as Ford Motor Company. The United States Auto Industry was once upon a time a global leader in the automotive industry but due to knowledge and skills acquisition by other automobile manufacturers such as Toyota, the once American Auto Industry leadership has been surpassed. I will give discuss this following paragraphs. Global Competition in the Industry So far theRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry1385 Words   |  6 Pages Environmental challenges facing the American auto industry xxxxxx xxxxxx University of the People Word count: words Abstract This paper covers the current environmental challenges the face the American auto industry as a whole and the impact that has. Environmental challenges facing the American auto industry The American Auto industry is well known world wide with many manufacturers carving a path for their business and brand, most becoming householdRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Challenges Facing the American Auto Industry †¢ The global competition in the industry †¢ New technology for powering the product that industry produces †¢ The effect of emissions on the environment and government reactions †¢ The consumer opinions about the product the industry produces The Environmental Challenges Facing the American Auto Industry According to the Environmental Protection article at www.eponline.com, it states that the environmental issues top the list of challengesRead MoreThe Environmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry1033 Words   |  5 PagesThe environmental challenges facing the American auto industry. At the beginning of twenty centuries until now the American auto industry has been growing and in demand. Henry Ford innovated mass-production techniques that became standard, with Ford, General Motors and Chrysler emerges as the â€Å"Big Three† auto companies by the 1920s. Manufacturers funneled their resources to the military during World War II, and afterward automobile production in Europe and Japan soared to meet demand. Once vitalRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry Essay900 Words   |  4 PagesThe Environmental Challenges Facing the American Auto Industry This essay seeks to analyse the environmental challenges facing the American auto industry. I will examine the global competition, new technologies for automobile powering, the effects of emissions, and customer opinion about the industry in the following paragraphs. (Select USA, n.d.), have identified the United States as having one of the largest automotive markets in the world, as it is home to thirteenRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing American Auto Industry Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesEnvironmental challenges facing American Auto industry Introduction The first gasoline powered automobile was built 1885 in Germany. The first car was engineered by Henry Ford in 1896. He took things a notch higher by establishing an assembly line which enabled him to mass produce the vehicles thus making them affordable to the consumers. The use of automobiles has since increased in the US and other parts of the world. By 1999, the US alone had over 200 million passenger cars and light trucksRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry895 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry The automobile manufacturing industry is one of the largest industries in the United States and there are some worldwide famous companies such as Ford and General Motors. Henry Ford innovated mass production techniques that became standard, with Ford, General Motors and Chrysler emerging as the â€Å"Big Three† auto companies by the 1920s (Foner - Garraty 1991) (Bland,A).† As I wrote earlier, Ford, General Motors and Chrysler are calledRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry797 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Challenges Facing the American Auto Industry The American auto industry faces environmental challenges such as Global competition, technological Issues in the industry, effect of emissions on the environment Consumer opinions about the product your industry produces. Global Competition Today, the modern global automotive industry encompasses the principal manufacturers, General Motors, Ford, Toyota, Honda, Volkswagen, and Daimler Chrylser, all of which operate in a global competitive Environmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry... Abstract There are many environmental challenges facing the American auto industry. In this paper we will focus on; the challenges within global competition, new technologies for powering the products this industry produces, the effect of emissions on the environment and the government’s reactions to these effects, as well as the consumer’s product opinions. Global Competition The automobile industry is one of the largest industries in the U.S. and faces major global competition with The European, Russian and Easter Asian Markets. The industry is also facing continuous organization and technological change but has taken action to increase its global presence. For example, by making alliances with other global leaders. The US financial crisis hurt the American industry not only locally in American, but in the global market as production drastically decreased. To put the competition into perspective let’s take a look at some statics from BERA (Business Economic Research Advisor). GM, Ford, and Chrysler make up just under 45% of U.S. passenger vehicle production. So over half of the market here in America, 55% in fact, is dominated by foreign competition. That said, competition with the foreign market played a major role in the bankruptcy of Chrysler Corporation. The main areas of competition are lower cost and more advanced automation. New advancements in all markets are happening rapidly so it’s critical the U.S. market keep up in order to remain a keep player inShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry Essay955 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: Environmental challenges facing the American auto industry 1 Environmental challenges facing the American auto industry BUS1101 Unit 5 Written Assignment University of the People ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES FACING THE AMERICAN AUTO INDUSTRY 2 Environmental challenges facing the American auto industry The traditional internal combustion engine has been the mainstream automobile power source and even after the next generation vehicle engines made an appearance. The new generation enginesRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing American Auto Industry953 Words   |  4 PagesENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES FACING AMERICAN AUTO INDUSTRY The environmental challenges facing American auto industry is very huge, as a result of large number of vehicles on the road causing air emission, pollution of the environment that has a negative impact to people’s health today, due to the toxicology and the effect of carbon, hydrogen and carbon monoxide emission on the environment. These has also contributed to the climate change, death and disappearing of some species of wild lifeRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry Essay775 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Challenges facing the American Auto Industry The American Auto Industry has evolved for many decades with pioneers such as Ford Motor Company. The United States Auto Industry was once upon a time a global leader in the automotive industry but due to knowledge and skills acquisition by other automobile manufacturers such as Toyota, the once American Auto Industry leadership has been surpassed. I will give discuss this following paragraphs. Global Competition in the Industry So far theRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry1385 Words   |  6 Pages Environmental challenges facing the American auto industry xxxxxx xxxxxx University of the People Word count: words Abstract This paper covers the current environmental challenges the face the American auto industry as a whole and the impact that has. Environmental challenges facing the American auto industry The American Auto industry is well known world wide with many manufacturers carving a path for their business and brand, most becoming householdRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Challenges Facing the American Auto Industry †¢ The global competition in the industry †¢ New technology for powering the product that industry produces †¢ The effect of emissions on the environment and government reactions †¢ The consumer opinions about the product the industry produces The Environmental Challenges Facing the American Auto Industry According to the Environmental Protection article at www.eponline.com, it states that the environmental issues top the list of challengesRead MoreThe Environmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry1033 Words   |  5 PagesThe environmental challenges facing the American auto industry. At the beginning of twenty centuries until now the American auto industry has been growing and in demand. Henry Ford innovated mass-production techniques that became standard, with Ford, General Motors and Chrysler emerges as the â€Å"Big Three† auto companies by the 1920s. Manufacturers funneled their resources to the military during World War II, and afterward automobile production in Europe and Japan soared to meet demand. Once vitalRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry Essay900 Words   |  4 PagesThe Environmental Challenges Facing the American Auto Industry This essay seeks to analyse the environmental challenges facing the American auto industry. I will examine the global competition, new technologies for automobile powering, the effects of emissions, and customer opinion about the industry in the following paragraphs. (Select USA, n.d.), have identified the United States as having one of the largest automotive markets in the world, as it is home to thirteenRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing American Auto Industry Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesEnvironmental challenges facing American Auto industry Introduction The first gasoline powered automobile was built 1885 in Germany. The first car was engineered by Henry Ford in 1896. He took things a notch higher by establishing an assembly line which enabled him to mass produce the vehicles thus making them affordable to the consumers. The use of automobiles has since increased in the US and other parts of the world. By 1999, the US alone had over 200 million passenger cars and light trucksRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry Essay1408 Words   |  6 PagesThe environmental challenges facing the American Auto Industry When the automobile was introduced to the public, they immediately fell in love with it. It was a welcome miracle of science, clean, efficient and a reliable machine compared to the horse and carriage which required constant cleaning and a large place for storage. As more and more people acquired these machines, no one noticed the changes it made to the environment. The term smog was first used in California around the 1940’s to describeRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry895 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry The automobile manufacturing industry is one of the largest industries in the United States and there are some worldwide famous companies such as Ford and General Motors. Henry Ford innovated mass production techniques that became standard, with Ford, General Motors and Chrysler emerging as the â€Å"Big Three† auto companies by the 1920s (Foner - Garraty 1991) (Bland,A).† As I wrote earlier, Ford, General Motors and Chrysler are called

Macroeconomic policies and their impact on the Australian Economy

Questions: Question 1Using current economic data and analysing a number of leading, lagging and coincident indicators, determine Australias position on the business cycle. Justify you answer, including any relevant diagrams. Question 2a.) Which monetary policy is more effective in moderating the business cycle, tight or easy? Give reasons for your answers.b.) What is the current monetary policy stance of the RBA? What factors do the RBA take into consideration, before a decision is made as to whether to implement a tight or easy monetary policy?c.) Using AD-AS model, explain how interest rates affect the key macroeconomic variables. Question 3a.) Comment on the recent factors that are affecting the value of the Australian dollar. Use diagrams to illustrate your answer.b.) Who gains and who loses when the Australian dollar depreciates? Justify your answer.c.) In your opinion, is a depreciating $A good or bad for the Australian economy? Justify your answer. Answers: 1. The business cycle is the upward or downward movement of the gross domestic product (GDP) and it also refers to the contraction or the expansion period of a nation in terms of the fluctuation in the economic activities (Economy.com, 2015). So the business cycle is defined in terms of the period of recession or expansion and it represents the long-term-growth trend. There are various indicators of the business cycle and these can be discussed here for Australia. GDP growth of Australia: In the following diagram, the GDP growth trend of Australia can be shown along with the inflation rates. The GDP growth is the most common measure of the economic growth of an economy. GDP is the final value of all the goods and services of an economy. In the following diagram the GDP growth rate of Australia is shown from 1992-2014. It is seen that around 2008-09 there is significant fall in the GDP growth rate and after that the growth rate has increased. In 2013, the annual GDP growth rate of Australia was 1.8%. Source: (Rba.gov.au, 2015) Inflation: In the following diagram the measure of inflation in Australia is given in terms of the Consumer Price Index (CPI). It is known that inflation is the increase in the general price level and thus the inflation rate must be controlled in the economy. In the fourth quarter of 2014, the inflation rate was recorded at 1.70%. Thus it is under control in the economy (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015). Source: (Rba.gov.au, 2015) Unemployment: Unemployment in the economy can be considered as one of the economic indicators of the performance of an economy. Unemployment exists in an economy when people are without work while they are looking for work. It is very important to lower the unemployment rate in the economy. In 2014, the unemployment rate in Australia is 6.1%. In the following diagram the trend line for the employment rate and participation rate is shown along with the unemployment rate. Source: (Rba.gov.au, 2015) Balance of Payments: The balance of payment position of a country also represents the present condition of an economy. It is known that trade is one of the driving forces of an economy and thus it is very important that the current account deficit is maintained for the economy. In the following diagram the current account balance and the trade balance is shown for Australia. Source: (Rba.gov.au, 2015) In the following diagram, the global business cycle map is shown. In the diagram it is seen that the Australia is in the phase of expansion. Source: (Economy.com, 2015) 2. (a) In order to moderate the business cycle, it is very important to implement effective monetary policy by the government. The quantity of money can be controlled in the circulation with the help of the monetary policy and thus it can be used to stabilise the business cycle by changing the inflation and unemployment in the economy. Here it can be analysed what type of monetary policy can be more effective for the moderating the business cycle (Krugman and Wells, 2013). The expansionary monetary policy or the easy money policy is characterised as the increase in the supply of money and decreased interest rate in the economy. The expansionary monetary policy is usually applied in case of recession. On the other hand, the contractionary or the tight money policy is characterised as the decrease in the supply of money and the increase in the interest rate. This kind of policy s implemented for controlling inflation. Here it can be said that, according to the position of Australia in the world economy, it needs to implement tight money policy rather than easy money policy for moderating the business cycle. (b) The reserve bank of Australia implements various monetary policies in the economy. In Australia, moderate growth rate is seen and there is also a decline in the investment spending that is seen in the economy. The private demand is expanded and it is expected that the growth may be below the trend. The inflation is between 2-3% and it is expected that the growth in the wage rate will be moderate. The monetary policy that is implemented is accommodative in Australia (Krugman and Wells, 2013). The interest rate has been very low and the investors are expecting higher returns for their investment. Recently there has been trade of exchange rate at a lower level. The RBA has set the target cash rate at 2.5%. Thus it can be said that the RBA has provided the support for the growth of the economy and the increase in the demand. The RBA takes various factors into consideration before making any decision. These factors are the present inflation, exchange rate, and growth rate, capital account that can be taken into account for implementing tight or easy monetary policy (Mankiw, 2013).(c) In the following diagram the AD-AS model can be shown. In the X axis, national output is measured and in the Y axis, price level is measured (Mankiw, 2013). Here it can be said that the changes in the interest rate can change in the aggregate demand curve. It is known that an increase in the interest rate leads to a leftward shift of the aggregate demand curve and the fall in the interest rate causes rightward shift in the aggregate demand curve. In the diagram it can be seen that when the aggregate demand curve shifts to the left, it lowers the inflation rate as well as reduces the national output in the economy. On the other hand, when the interest rate increases and the aggregate demand curve shifts to the right, the inflation rate increases as well as the national output (Rba.gov.au, 2015). 3. (a) There can be various factors that can affect the value of the Australian dollar. These factors can include the inflation rates, confidence of the business units and the consumers, growth rate of the economy, performance of the stock market, and housing market (Thebull.com.au, 2015). Here it can be said that when there is positive impact on the economy then there can be changes in the exchange rate market as well. In the following diagram it can be seen that how the exchange rate market is affected and as a result the changes in the exchange rate (Mankiw, 2013). In the above diagram, it can be seen that when the demand for Australian dollar increases in the market, the demand curve moves up and as a result the exchange rate appreciates and the equilibrium quantity of the Australian dollar also increases. On the other hand, when the demand for the currency falls, the demand curve moves downward and there is depreciation in the exchange rate and a fall in the equilibrium quantity. In the following diagram the shift in the supply curve is shown (Rba.gov.au, 2015). In the diagram, it can be seen that as a result of the increase in supply (S1), the exchange rate depreciates and the equilibrium quantity increases and as a result of the fall in the supply (S2), the exchange rate appreciates and equilibrium quantity reduces.(b) When the Australian dollar falls below the Equilibrium exchange rate (E*), then there is depreciation in the exchange rate of the Australian dollar. If there is depreciation in the Australian dollar then the foreign importers gain from such situation and the country itself loses. That means the countries that imports goods from the country will now have to pay less for the goods and services and thus they will benefit but the other country will lose. (c) A depreciation in the Australian dollar means that the value of the Australian dollar will fall against other currencies. It will lead to several impacts on the Australian economy. Depreciation in the Australian dollars will lead to cost-push inflation in the economy as the imported goods and services will be more expensive. The export industry will flourish as the export will be cheaper from Australia. The import demand will fall in the economy. The wage rate may rise in the economy due to higher inflation. As a result of the depreciation, the economic growth can also increase if it is accompanied by lower interest rate as the export will increase and the imports will fall. Thus it can lead to benefit of the Australian economy if associated with effective policies. References Economy.com, (2015).Global Business Cycle Map | Moody's Analytics Dismal Scientist. [online] Available at: https://www.economy.com/dismal/tools/global-business-cycle-map [Accessed 31 Jan. 2015]. Krugman, P. and Wells, R. (2013).Macroeconomics. New York, NY: Worth Publishers. Mankiw, N. (2013).Macroeconomics. New York, NY: Worth. Rba.gov.au, (2015).RBA: Chart Pack-Australian GDP Growth and Inflation. [online] Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au/chart-pack/au-gdp-growth.html [Accessed 31 Jan. 2015]. Rba.gov.au, (2015).RBA: Interest Rate Decisions - 2014. [online] Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au/monetary-policy/int-rate-decisions/index.html [Accessed 31 Jan. 2015]. Rba.gov.au, (2015).RBA: Media Releases-2014. [online] Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au/media-releases/2014/index.html [Accessed 31 Jan. 2015]. Rba.gov.au, (2015).RBA: Media Release-Statement by Glenn Stevens, Governor: Monetary Policy Decision. [online] Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au/media-releases/2014/mr-14-21.html [Accessed 31 Jan. 2015]. Thebull.com.au, (2015).Which factor do you think affects the Aussie dollar the most? - www.thebull.com.au. [online] Available at: https://www.thebull.com.au/experts/a/27950-which-factor-do-you-think-affects-the-aussie-dollar-the-most.html [Accessed 2 Feb. 2015]. Tradingeconomics.com, (2015).Australia Inflation Rate | 1951-2015 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/australia/inflation-cpi [Accessed 31 Jan. 2015].

Powers of the President free essay sample

A common question today amongst the citizens of the United States regarding the president, especially today’s president, Barack Obama, is whether or not the President has too much power. A question even asked in one of the video which garners different opinions with many, including myself, typically saying that the President’s power may seem a bit excessive. However, is it necessary that the President have that much power and how exactly does he acquire all that power. Should someone be concerned that the power of the Presidency is getting too out of hand and leading out of a democratic type of government and more towards a government controlled by one body? First of all, the President’s powers as noted in the book â€Å"The Struggle for Democracy† by Edward Greenberg and in the videos given, it is pretty much agreed that the power of the President has grown considerably. We will write a custom essay sample on Powers of the President or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The President has many roles from being a worldwide representative of the U.S. citizens to the world to the Chief Executive. He is also the commander-in-chief, a foreign diplomat, and Head of State just to name a few functions. With powers endowed by the Constitution, the President’s roles are pretty well defined; however, the Constitution is also very broad in its writing leaving it to be interpreted in a variety of ways. This is just one way that the President can increase his power. Some instances that can be noted is the clause that states that the President can at times do what is necessary for the good of the nation, and when he is doing what is needed and necessary, he can bypass some of the checks and balances set forth by the Framers of the Constitution. Unfortunately, the increase in power of the presidency is not solely attributed to the president himself. There have been instances in American history where it was due to bills passed by Congress that increased the power of the president. Originally in charge of areas like foreign diplomacy and actually executing the laws that were passed through the legislation by Congress, bills or laws like the Budget Act of 1921 and the Employment Act of 1941 have increased some of the powers of the presidency by forcing him to act on domestic issues like economics and budgets which can once again be loosely interpreted and lead to an even larger expansion on powers. Now, is this increase in power good for the  nation? In my opinion, I agree that this increase in presidency power is necessary especially in times of crises which were noted by Greenberg as one of the big instances in which presidency power increases occur. The Framers wrote a Constitution as a basic guideline for a developing nation with a developing government. This can also apply in this instance because as the nation grows, especially in the area of foreign diplomacy and involvement, the constitution, including the power of the presidency should be adapted to best suit the situations the nation may be placed in. Along with that, the expansion of presidential power is necessary in order to achieve swift actions as seen with the implementation of things like executive orders in order to achieve goals that need to be accomplished right away because at times the democratic process may take too long. Although, some may disagree and say that the power of the president is becoming a bit out of hand, there are still many formal measures set aside by the Constitution that can prevent the President from becoming too abusive of the power bestowed on him. Most of these measures involves Congress and how Congress can step in and actually refuse to pass the bills that the president wants or even perform actions such as counter vetoing a veto from the President. Another way the President’s power can be limited is due to the fact that the President is still a supposed to serve the people of the United States. So in essence, people have an involvement in the system of checks of balances in the government because if the President does not perform actions that please a majority of the population of either Congress or the governed, then it will lead to bad relations and result either in less chances of being reelected into office or if worst comes to worst, the impeachment of the President as seen in instances like the impeachment of Nixon. In the end, however, as much as people think that the increase in presidential power is a bad thing for the country, there is just as many good points that support the benefits of an increase in power. As the country and our government develop, as well as our understanding of things like the Constitution, we should expect the powers of the President to expand especially in times that demand swift actions as seen now during our time of economic problems. The best one can do is to be educated once again and to stay informed on policies as well as have trust that the President that was chosen will not exceed the limitations given to him, and if he does, that the systems of  checks and balances will be taken into effect and work in limiting actions that are deemed possibly harmful to the countries best interest. On the other hand, the President must also realize that he must always try to do things that serve the public’s best interest rather than pursuing his own personal agenda.

10 Tips for When You Cant Find a Job After College

10 Tips for When You Cant Find a Job After College In an ideal world, every college graduate would find their dream job immediately. However, this is simply not the case and many students find themselves struggling to find work. With student loans to pay back and living expenses to cover this is a stressful situation to find yourself in, which is why we’ve put together these tips for what to do when you can’t find a job after college. 1 – Reduce Your Living Costs If you can’t find a job after college, one of the most pressing issues is going to be your financial situation. How are you going to feed yourself and keep a roof over your head? The first step is to look at ways to reduce your living costs. You might want to think about moving back home if it is an option as this will drastically reduce your living costs. You can also defer your student loans and work out a strict budget for the next few months to make the money you do have last. 2 – Apply for Job It might seem like a bit of a no brainer, but you won’t find work if you are not applying for jobs. It is easy to get disheartened and give up after a few rejections, but you must keep your eye on the prize. Apply for every single job that comes up. You should be sending out resumes and filling out applications daily. If you dont have job experience, you should read some tips on how to write resume with no job experience. Dont forget that its a good idea to ask professionals to write your resume. Also, don’t forget to write multiple cover letters suited to different jobs. 3 – Give Yourself a Social Media Audit One reason why you can’t find a job after college could be that your social media profile is putting potential employers off! It is increasingly common for employers to look up potential candidates on social media. If your profile is littered with drunken snapshots at the dorm parties, then you could be giving the wrong impression. Take a little time to remove anything that could be potentially off-putting and start sharing some of your other interests. 4 – Spend Some Time Networking Sometimes, when it comes to finding a job its not what you know, its who you know! If you can’t find a job after college then you need to start networking. Attend career fairs, college alumni events, networking luncheons and conferences. It is also a good idea to join LinkedIn if you haven’t already. Start getting to know the movers and shakers in your chosen industry and they might just thrown you a bone when a job opportunity arises! 5 – Consider Staying in School If it is beginning to look like you are not going to find a job when you graduate, you do have the option of returning to school for some additional qualifications. This may not be an ideal situation, but it could pay off in the long run. 6 – Broaden Your Job Search If you can’t find a job after college then you may need to broaden your job search. If there is nothing available in terms of your dream job, think about other jobs within the same industry that you might also enjoy. Sometimes working within the industry of choice can get your foot in the door. For example, even taking an admin role in a pharmaceutical company could potentially put you on the road to a laboratory job. 7 – Work Part Time If broadening your search within the industry doesn’t work, then you may need to cast the net even wider. You may not have envisioned working part time in retail or fast food after completing your degree but taking a part time job will at least allow you to bring in some money while you search for the dream job. Part time hours also mean you still have plenty of time for job hunting. If you are lucky, maybe you can find something part time that relates loosely to your ideal career which will give you something to build upon. 8 – Volunteer to Gain Experience Another common reason why you can’t find a job after college is that many employers want people with experience. This creates a catch 22 situation where you can’t get a job without experience, but you can’t get experience because nobody will give you a job. The answer is to volunteer! Offer to work for free in your chosen field either as part of an internship or just given up a few hours a week. This will get you experience in the industry which will help strengthen your resume. However, you should know that there are more benefits of volunteering besides getting experience. 9 – Start a Blog Sometimes, you just need to find ways to put yourself out there. If you truly have an interest in the industry you want to work in, then why not start a blog about it? Get your name out there and position yourself as an expert in your field. It may take a little effort to grow your audience and build a healthy following on social media, but once your name is out there you may well find job offers coming to find you rather than you having to hunt them down. However, a word of caution. This is not the easy route to finding a job. It takes hard work and dedication. 10 – Start Your Own Business Finally, if you have exhausted all other options and you still can’t find a job after college, why not consider starting your own business? Think about the skills you possess and how you can market them. If you are a great academic writer, you could try freelance editing or journalism. Computer wizards might start their own IT company. The possibilities are endless. Heres a small guide on how to become entrepreneur while youre still student. In conclusion, if you can’t find a job after college, try not to be too hard on yourself. It is not always easy to get started in your chosen career and you may need to make a few changes along the way. One thing to remember is that your lack of employment is not necessarily your fault. Do not give up hope, a little persistence is sure to pay off in the end and you will soon find your way in life. Good luck!

Ix Chel - Mayan Goddess(es) of Fertility and Death

Ix Chel - Mayan Goddess(es) of Fertility and Death Ix Chel (sometimes spelled Ixchel) is, according to longstanding archaeological tradition, the Mayan moon goddess, one of the most important and ancient of Maya deities, connected to fertility and procreation. Her name Ix Chel has been translated as â€Å"Lady Rainbow† or as â€Å"She of the Pale Face,† an allusion to the moons surface. Fast Facts: Ix Chel Known For: Goddess of the Moon, fertility, physical love, weaving.Religion: Classic and Late Post Classic period Maya.  Also Known As: Lady Rainbow, She of the Pale Face, Goddess I, and Goddess O.  Appearance: Two aspects: a young, sensual woman and an old crone.  Shrines: Cozumel and Isla Mujeres, Mexico.Appearances: Madrid and Dresden codexes. According to Spanish colonial records, the Maya thought the moon goddess wandered the sky, and when she wasnt in the sky she was said to live in the cenotes (natural sinkholes filled with water). When the waning moon appeared again in the east, people made pilgrimages to the Ix Chel shrine on Cozumel. In the traditional pantheon of Maya gods and goddesses, Ix Chel has two aspects, that of a young sensual woman and an aged crone. However, that pantheon was built by archaeologists and historians based on a wide variety of sources, including iconography, oral history, and historical records. Over the decades of research, Mayanists have often debated whether they have incorrectly combined two female deities (Goddess I and Goddess O)  into one Moon Goddess. Goddess I The primary aspect of Goddess I is as a youthful wife, beautiful and downright sexy, and she is occasionally associated with references to the lunar crescent and rabbits, a pan-Mesoamerican reference to the moon. (In fact, many cultures see a rabbit in the moons face, but thats another story). She often appears with a beak-like appendage protruding from her upper lip. Goddess I is known as Ixik Kab (Lady Earth) or Ixik Uh (Lady Moon) in the Maya books known as the Madrid and Dresden codices,  and in the Madrid codex she appears as both a young and aged version. Goddess I presides over marriage, human fertility and physical love. Her other names include Ix Kanab (Child of Lady of the Seas) and Ix Tan Dzonot (Child of She in the Middle of the Cenote). Ixik Kab is associated with weaving in the post-classic period, and the aged form of Ixik Kab is often shown weaving and/or wearing a pair of horn-like elements on her head which likely represent spindles. Goddess O Goddess O, on the other hand, is a powerful aged woman identified not just with birth and creation but with death and world destruction. If these are different goddesses and not aspects of the same goddess, Goddess O is most likely to be the Ix Chel of the ethnographic reports. Goddess O is married to Itzamna and thus is one of the two creator gods of Maya origin myths. Goddess O has a raft of phonetic names including Chac Chel (Red Rainbow or Great End). Goddess O is depicted with a red body, and sometimes with feline aspects such as jaguar claws and fangs; sometimes she wears a skirt marked with crossed bones and other death symbols. She is closely identified with the Mayan rain god Chaac (God B) and often seen illustrated with pouring water or flood images. The fact that Goddess Os name means both rainbows and destruction may come as a surprise, but unlike in our Western society rainbows are not good omens for the Maya but are bad ones, the flatulence of the demons which arise from dry wells. Chac Chel is associated with weaving, cloth production, and spiders; with water, curing, divination, and destruction; and with making children and childbirth. Four Goddesses? The Moon Goddess of the Maya mythology may actually have many more aspects. The earliest Spanish travelers in the early 16th century recognized that there was a flourishing religious practice among the Maya dedicated to aixchel or yschel. The local men denied knowing the meaning of the goddess; but she was a deity of the Chontal, Manche Chol, Yucatec, and Pocomchi groups in the early colonial period. Ix Chel was one of four related goddesses worshiped on the islands of Cozumel and Isla de Mujeres: Ix Chel, Ix Chebal Yax, Ix Hunie, and Ix Hunieta. Mayan women made pilgrimages to their temples on the island of Cozumel and placed her idols underneath their beds, asking for help. The Oracle of Ix Chel According to several historical records, during the Spanish colonial period, there was a life-sized ceramic statue known as the Oracle of Ix Chel located on Cozumel Island. The oracle at Cozumel is said to have been consulted during the foundation of new settlements and in times of warfare. Pilgrims were said to have followed sacbe (the prepared Maya causeways) from as far away as Tabasco, Xicalango, Champoton, and Campeche to venerate the goddess. The Mayan pilgrimage route crossed the Yucatan from west to east, mirroring the pathway of the moon through the sky. Colonial dictionaries report that the pilgrims were known as hula and the priests were Aj Kin. The Aj Kin posed the pilgrims questions to the statue and, in exchange for offerings of copal incense, fruit, and bird and dog sacrifices, reported the answers in the voice of the oracle. Francisco de Lopez de Gomara (Hernan Cortes chaplain) described the shrine on Cozumel island as a square tower, wide at the base and stepped all around. The upper half was erect and at the top was a niche with a thatched roof and four openings or windows. Inside this space was a large, hollow, kiln-fired clay image fastened to the wall with lime plaster: this was the image of the moon goddess Ix Chel. Finding the Oracle There are several temples located near the cenotes at the Maya sites of San Gervasio, Miramar, and El Caracol on Cozumel Island. One which has been identified as a plausible location for the oracle-shrine is the Kana Nah or High House at San Gervasio. San Gervasio was an administrative and ceremonial center on Cozumel, and it had three complexes of five groups of buildings all connected by sacbe. Kana Nah (Structure C22-41) was part of one of those complexes, consisting of a small pyramid, five meters (16 feet) in height with a square plan of four stepped tiers and a main stairway bordered by a railing. Mexican archaeologist Jesus Galindo Trejo argues that the Kana Nah pyramid appears to be aligned with the major lunar standstill when the moon sets at its extreme point on the horizon. The connection of C22-41 as a contender for the Ixchel Oracle was first put forward by American archaeologists David Freidel and Jeremy Sabloff in 1984. So, Who Was Ix Chel? American archaeologist Traci Ardren (2015) has argued that the identification of Ix Chel as a single moon goddess combining female sexuality and traditional gender roles of fertility comes straight from the minds of the earliest scholars studying her. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, says Ardren, male western scholars brought their own biases about women and their roles in society into their theories about Maya myths. These days, Ix Chels reputed fertility and beauty have been appropriated by several non-specialists, commercial properties, and new age religions, but as Ardren quotes Stephanie Moser, it is dangerous for archaeologists to assume we are the only people who can create meaning out of the past. Selected Sources Ardren, Traci. Mending the Past: Ix Chel and the Invention of a Modern Pop Goddess. Antiquity 80.307 (2015): 25–37. Print.Boskovic, Aleksandar. The Meaning of Maya Myths. Anthropos 84.1/3 (1989): 203–12. Print.Colas, Pierre Robert, Katja Christiane  Stengert, and Urlich Wolfel. The Mapping of Ix Chel: A Terminal Classic Secondary Maya Site on the Northern Vaca Plateau, Belize, Central America. Northern Vaca Plateau Geoarchaeology Project, 2006. Print.Galindo Trejo, Jesus. Calendric-Astronomical Alignment of Architectural Structures in Mesoamerica: An Ancestral Cultural Practice. The Role of Archaeoastronomy in the Maya World: The Case Study of the Island of Cozumel. Eds. Sanz, Nuria, et al. Paris, France: UNESCO, 2016. 21–36. Print.Iwaniszewski, Stanislaw. Time and the Moon in Maya Culture: The Case of Cozumel. The Role of Archaeoastronomy in the Maya World: The Case Study of the Island of Cozumel. Eds. Sanz, Nuria, et al. Paris, France: UNESCO, 2016. 39 œ55. Print.Polk, Jason S., Philip E. van Beynen, and Philip P. Reeder. Late Holocene Environmental Reconstruction Using Cave Sediments from Belize. Quaternary Research 68.1 (2007): 53–63. Print. Ã…  prajc, Ivan. Archaeological Sites on the Island of Cozumel: The Role of Astronomy in Architectural and Urban Planning. The Role of Archaeoastronomy in the Maya World: The Case Study of the Island of Cozumel. Eds. Sanz, Nuria, et al. Paris, France: UNESCO, 2016. 57–83. Print.

Effect of Technology Development on Management Consulting Profession Essay

Effect of Technology Development on Management Consulting Profession - Essay Example In addition, as technological innovations become available, possibilities increase and so does the cost but what technological advancements has given to management analysts, that not only has helped them in boosting their managerial skills by analysing and proposing alternatives to improve an organisation's structure but has also enabled management consultancy to acquire a division that would help reorganize the structure of the firm and eliminate technological complexities. Information technology cannot by itself change the inherent inflexible nature of its tools but any profession particularly on the management side whether it be financial management, strategic management or consultant management by using the developing trend of information technology can change its effect with respect to any organization infrastructure in such a way that they use these tools in two ways. "First, by reengineering the way that existing tasks are carried out. Second, by creating new tasks and opening up consultancy opportunities that were not previously possible. Changes in various management use of computer technology have enabled technological developments to be implemented in general". (Margetts, 1999, p. 17) If we consider the development of technology from management point of view, it is obvious that today organisations of all kinds have taken on new functions and new techniques that would otherwise have not been possible without merging and cooperation of information technology. Information technology in private sector companies is now widely recognised as a crucial element in a company's business strategy and the reason is transparent for the way technology has boosted the growth of consultant management, is incredible. "It is now a truism that information technology has transcended its established administrative support functions and has moved towards playing a more central role in business operations' that has not only modified its organisational structure but has also taken part in increasing the ratio of contended customers". (Margetts, 1999, p. 23) Let us take an example of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): "EDI has made it possible for two trading partners to exchange their information of trade or business transactions such as orders and invoices which otherwise would have taken umpteen effort and time. Today EDI has been widely accepted as an essential business tool used to facilitate inter-organisational transactions and sometimes to enhance internal operations by integrating internal and external systems". (Chen, 1998, p. 68) It has potentially reduced the transaction costs by eliminating duplication of effort involved in re-keying documents generated by computer in the first place. In this aspect, the development in technology started in 1980s, which first brought a dramatic increase in the use of the Internet, a global research network, consisting of a loose confederation of inter-connected networks providing services such as file transfer and electronic mail. After Internet the vast technological change was felt and re alised by the then consultant management when the use of databases, online and offline processors for report writing and interactive communication was introduced. "Prior to this, it was the consultancies who set the

DNR Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

DNR - Research Paper Example If the patient is not in a hospital, the DNR orders normally state that the medical practitioners in charge of the patient should not take him or her to a hospital for emergency resuscitation. In many cases when the patient is too sick to request for a DNR order, the closest family members or friends can order for one on his behalf (Piers, Benoit and Schrauwen, 2011). Even though all adult patients have the right to request for a DNR Order, its usage is quite a controversial issue in the medical field. The medical profession is one that strives to uphold the ethical principles of human dignity, compassion, non-malfeasance and social justice. Every individual has a right to accept or refuse emergency resuscitation. However, it is also the duty of the medical practitioner to save the lives of the patients he is attending to (Moss, 2003). This is where the ethical and legal implications of DNR come in. Whereas it is within the doctors’ prerogative to save the lives of his patients, he must also respect their wishes if they do not want to be saved. DNR raises the legal and ethical concern that giving consent to the order may lead to a loss of life that may otherwise have been saved (Crozier, Santoli and Outin, 2011). The DNR order should be honored if the patient who fully understands his medical situation consents to it. There are provisions in law that give the patient the right to chose the form of treatment that he deems best. It is the duty of the care giver to consider the needs and wants of his patients. Therefore if the patient consents to or gives DNR orders and signs the DNR form, the care givers should employ other treatment options to try and save his life. Sometime the options available are not efficient enough and the result is normally catastrophic (Ani, 2005). The ethical question still remains on whether the care givers should not do everything possible to save

Weighwood Case Essay Example for Free

Weighwood Case Essay When Wedgwood started his business, pottery industry is already established, comprises many small players around the country. He started with a small production facility, incorporated his experience from working in family business and many years in the industry. His passion and innovative ideas helped him expand his business and grew to become a big player in potter industry. Wedgwood was a differentiator company, specifically a late mover in the industry. Wedgwood gained competitive advantages through innovation, creativity, and strong marketing strategies. Innovation and creativity were the key to Wedgwood success, including the invention of creamware and white pottery. Josiah focused on bringing new ideas to the design of his products, finding new raw materials to help producing better products, and building/creating machines with latest technology to help with efficiency and uniformity. His wife specialized in pottery design and coloring which help their products differentiate from other plain pottery products in the market. Moreover, the sustained competitive advantage Wedgwood had, was the result of good marketing strategies with help from Josiahs partner, Bentley. Base on the reading, marketing strategies Wedgwood used were establishing showroom, inertia selling strategy, and promotion through high class people (Queen). Wedgwood was also the first one in the industry have brand name on every products. Wedgwood were so successful in England until its number of productions exceed the number of sale which cause the company to stock up a very high inventory. This opportunity caused Wedgwood to expand internationally to many countries in Europe and China. Wedgwood leverage its competitive advantage through demand side scope economy. Firstly, company needed new outlet for products that overproduced for local market. The example from class discussion would be Coke case. Coke and Pepsi competed with each other until the market were fully saturated, then Coke started to go global to exploit other markets in other countries. Wedgwood introduced its products to many countries in Europe and to China. Wedgwoods products were new to international market because of their design, coloring, uniformity. Wedgwood also used inertia selling strategies which company send products to consumer in a package with invoice and consumers can either buy or return the products at no cost to them. This strategy was to create demand for company products. Secondly, there were potential benefits to company to expand internationally because of the increasing spending on nonessential or luxury goods around European countries. Shipping methods also became more secured and convenience. As a result, Wedgwoods products were sold internationally to meet the demand in the form of luxury or nonessential goods. To better understand of how above strategies would work internationally and how Wedgwood sustained its competitive, the products were global products. All of the products were produced in home country, England, and then ship to other countries to retail store or direct sell to consumers. Wedgwood also established showroom in many countries to display its products, and make people wants its products. Wedgwood was not adapt to local market in different countries but to sell its home products and position their image just as intended. The example that relates to this idea was the discussion in class about the case which Apple open an Apple Store in Beijing. Apple products are also global products. Apples positioning strategy is uniform all around the world. Wedgwoods products were also uniform and mass produced in England and they do not need to be modified to fit to foreign market.

Child Socialization :: essays research papers

Children are raised in many different cultures all over the world. As we know, cultures differ from place to place. They have different rules, values, roles, and even communication patterns. An example of this would be a French person greeting someone, and an American greeting someone else. The French say hello by kissing each other on both cheeks. As Americans, we tend to shake hands. These things are what determine how a child will turn out after being brought up in that culture. Children growing up with Anglo-European roots are taught to value their independence, boldness, equality, achievement, self-help, and self-directedness. All of these values significantly affect the family. They believe in family privacy because it is said that families will be allowed to raise their children as they see fit. The only time that this is interfered with is when the parents neglect or mistreat their children. Individualism is also another highly valued trait. Those who subscribe to such thought believe that individual growth is essential to a well-balanced approach to life. It should be noted however, that equality amongst others is essential as well. Those who have come before us have worked extremely hard to gain equality in this country and it should be cherished. Life as it was once known has changed due to the vast amount of modernization and blending of cultures that has occurred within the past 30 years. People talk, walk, and dress differently with a steady eye always toward the future. Success now based on power and resources, especially money. Each individual is expected to do his or her best and is often thrown into the arena of fierce competition in which he or she is encouraged to flourish. Families communicate differently within themselves. For example, at dinnertime my whole family will sit together and talk about how the day was. All day long, everyone is out doing their own thing but at dinner the whole family comes together. This is the time of day that they set aside to communicate amongst each other. Other families might just see dinner as just another meal. Instead of sitting together around the table, they might all just come in, take their dinner, and go where they want to eat it. The kids might go in the family room and watch television while the parents sit in the kitchen. This differs for every family.

What Is Bibliotheraphy

What is Bibliotherapy? * Bibliotherapy – the use of literature to help people cope with emotional problems, mental illness, or changes in their lives or to produce affective change and promote personality growth and development. * The underlying premise of bibliotherapy is that clients identify with literary characters similar to themselves, an association that helps the clients release emotions, gain new directions in life, and explore new ways of interacting * E. g. Teenage readers may feel relief that they are not the only ones facing a specific problem. They learn vicariously how to solve their problems by reflecting on how the characters in the book solve theirs Some approaches in Bibliotherapy * Traditional bibliotherapy * Tended to be more ‘reactive' * Focused on getting individuals to react positively or negatively to the reading material. * Therapeutic process * More interactive one: the reader becomes part of the unfolding intellectual and emotional process of the story, and in struggling to understand what is being communicated at the deepest levels, the reader responds by making a positive alternation or modification in behavior or attitude. Interactive bibliotherapy * Help them reflect on what they read, such as group discussion and dialogue journal writing. * In clinical bibliotherapy and bibliocounseling * Skilled practitioners use therapeutic methods to help individuals experiencing serious emotional problems. * Developmental bibliotherapy * Classroom teachers are more likely to use this method * Involves helping students in their normal health and development * Advantage – teachers can identify the concerns of their students and address the issues before problems arise. Students can also be guided through predictable stages of adolescence Basic stages in Bibliotherapy Generally, activities in bibliotherapy are designed to: * provide information * provide insight * stimulate discussion about problems * communicate new values and attitudes * create awareness that other people have similar problems * provide realistic solutions to problems Four basic stages: identification, selection, presentation, and follow-up. * First two stages – the clients' needs must be identified, and appropriate books selected to match their particular problems. The books must then be presented carefully and strategically so that the clients are able to see similarities between themselves and the book characters. * Once the clients can identify with the main character, they enter the follow-up stage during which they share what they have gained. * They express catharsis verbally in discussion or writing, or nonverbal means such as art, role-playing, creative problem solving, or self-selected options for students to pursue individually * Once catharsis has occurred, the clients can be guided to gain insight into the problem. Catharsis – the process releasing strong emotions through particular activities or experience ) Benefits and limitations of Bibliotherapy * BENEFITS * Provides the opportunity for the participants to recognize and understand themselves, their characteristics, and the complexity of human thought and behavior. * Promote social development as well as the love of literature in general, and reading in particular. * Reduces feelings of isolation that may be felt by people with problems. * LIMITATIONS * Availability of materials on certain topics Lack of client readiness and willingness to read. * Clients may also project their own motives onto characters and thus reinforce their own perceptions and solutions – participants may be defensive * Facilitators may have limited knowledge of human development and developmental problems, and inadequate knowledge about appropriate literature. * Clients may be unwilling to discuss areas that are uncomfortable * Facilitators may insist on making a point at the client's expense. http://www. cyc-net. org/cyc-online/cycol-0105-biblio. htm l Selection of booksWhen choosing stories for bibliotherapy there are specific criteria : * The child’s emotional and chronological age should be taken into account * The librarian should know the material * It should be related to the child’s circumstances and feelings * Illustrations should be clear and colourful. * Characters should model healthy adaptation patterns * There should be a character suitable for identification. * The hero in the story should also be portrayed realistically, for instance s/he must have feelings such as uncertainty, fear and anger.S/he must portray unacceptable behaviour such as being naughty, while people still accept him/her. * There should be other characters in the story that are more or less the same as those in the client’s situation * The librarian should know the client’s reading ability * In using bibliotherapy with small groups of children, the same principles of book selection * Any books selected will be suited f or all group members. BIBLIOTHERAPY!! THREE STAGES of BIBLIOTHERAPY 1. IDENTIFICATION.The child identifies with a character, a story line, SOMETHING in the book that   catches their attention. This identification (discovery) can be by the child, or staged by the therapist or   teacher. 2. CATHARSIS. The child is able to release emotions when he/she becomes emotionally involved in   the story. The classroom or office provides a safe place for the child to release (in a classroom, make   sure to guard the child's privacy and confidentiality). The child can release any of several ways, such   as discussion, art work, music . . 3. INSIGHT. With the therapist's help, the child can come to possible solutions to their problem. Or   sometimes, there is no solution, but coping strategies can be suggested and goals made. The   book's suggested solution or coping strategies can be used, if appropriate. | BIBLIOTHERAPY  can be done in group settings or with individuals alone. Bo oks that address problems common to childhood can be read   to groups, even when there aren't any apparent problems. Sometimes a group reading can open discussion and reveal issues.While  BIBLIOTHERAPY  is a good way for children to release pent-up emotions, it should not be considered a cure. Deep psychological   problems can't be resolved or even handled in a classroom setting — these need to be addressed in more intense therapy. | HOW TO USE BIBLIOTHERAPY!!!! (yahoo) 1. Identify your children's needs through observation, parent conferences, classwork, official records, etc. 2. Match the problems with the appropriate books. Make sure that the book is appropriate for the child's reading   level and maturity. 3.Decide on the settings and time for the therapy, and how you will introduce it to the student. 4. Design follow-up activities after the reading. 5. Motivate the child with introductory activities. 6. Engage in the reading, viewing, or listening phase. Ask lea ding questions. 7. Take a break for reflection. 8. Introduce follow-up activities: ~retelling of the story ~in-depth discussion of the book ~art activities ~creative writing ~dramatic activities 9. Discussion and possible solution finding. | http://www. catherineshafer. com/biblio. html Developmental Interactive Bibliotherapy Bibliotherapy is generally defined as the use of literature to promote mental health * Bibliotherapy has been found effective for a number of domains, such as attitude change, self-concept development, fear reduction, problem-solving ability, prosocial behavior, values development, and interpersonal relationship. * Bibliotherapy can offer a wealth of resources not only for problem-centered interventions but also for classroom guidance. Children’s Social-Emotional Development * The concept of emotional intelligence has been widespread in recent educational literature. Emotional intelligence involves the ability to perceive accurately, appraise, and expres s emotion; the ability to access and/or generate feelings when they facilitate thought; the ability to understand emotion and emotional knowledge; and the ability to regulate emotions to promote emotional and intellectual growth. †(p. 10) * Even in the reading lessons that involve only engaging stories, children can learn about how the characters feel and how the characters perform in response to such feelings. * Children learn these social-emotional skills through various medium, such as, literature, art programs, music, and so on. Lang (1998) suggested that a curriculum of social-emotional development should generally cover a wide range of issues. It should involve a concern for the personal and social development. The Transactional Model of Stress * People also differ in their coping patterns. * Emotion-focused coping – avoidance, minimization, distancing, selective attention, and positive comparisons, are likely to occur when there is nothing that can be done to mod ify harmful, or threatening conditions. * Problem-focused coping – amenable to change. * No single strategy that is considered inherently better than any other. Transactional model suggests that to result in emotions and to cope appropriately with the realities of the situation we are facing, we need to appraise correctly. * the concepts of â€Å"appraisal† and â€Å"coping† to the elementary school students is through children’s literature – pertaining to stressful plots and various forms of coping processes and strategies were selected and analyzed Educational Importance of this Study * School counselors to use literature as a method for nurturing children’s social and emotional development. Facilitate discussions with good quality in interactive bibliotherapy, professional skills including active listening, clarification of content, and reflection of feeling are crucial. * Select quality literature-counselors need to expand their collecti ons in various stories pertaining critical issues to children’s social-emotional development at each stage. * Useful to collaborate with other practitioners, such as media specialists, classroom teachers, librarians, and parents. In addition, further knowledge for selecting children’s literature is especially needed. What Is Bibliotheraphy What is Bibliotherapy? * Bibliotherapy – the use of literature to help people cope with emotional problems, mental illness, or changes in their lives or to produce affective change and promote personality growth and development. * The underlying premise of bibliotherapy is that clients identify with literary characters similar to themselves, an association that helps the clients release emotions, gain new directions in life, and explore new ways of interacting * E. g. Teenage readers may feel relief that they are not the only ones facing a specific problem. They learn vicariously how to solve their problems by reflecting on how the characters in the book solve theirs Some approaches in Bibliotherapy * Traditional bibliotherapy * Tended to be more ‘reactive' * Focused on getting individuals to react positively or negatively to the reading material. * Therapeutic process * More interactive one: the reader becomes part of the unfolding intellectual and emotional process of the story, and in struggling to understand what is being communicated at the deepest levels, the reader responds by making a positive alternation or modification in behavior or attitude. Interactive bibliotherapy * Help them reflect on what they read, such as group discussion and dialogue journal writing. * In clinical bibliotherapy and bibliocounseling * Skilled practitioners use therapeutic methods to help individuals experiencing serious emotional problems. * Developmental bibliotherapy * Classroom teachers are more likely to use this method * Involves helping students in their normal health and development * Advantage – teachers can identify the concerns of their students and address the issues before problems arise. Students can also be guided through predictable stages of adolescence Basic stages in Bibliotherapy Generally, activities in bibliotherapy are designed to: * provide information * provide insight * stimulate discussion about problems * communicate new values and attitudes * create awareness that other people have similar problems * provide realistic solutions to problems Four basic stages: identification, selection, presentation, and follow-up. * First two stages – the clients' needs must be identified, and appropriate books selected to match their particular problems. The books must then be presented carefully and strategically so that the clients are able to see similarities between themselves and the book characters. * Once the clients can identify with the main character, they enter the follow-up stage during which they share what they have gained. * They express catharsis verbally in discussion or writing, or nonverbal means such as art, role-playing, creative problem solving, or self-selected options for students to pursue individually * Once catharsis has occurred, the clients can be guided to gain insight into the problem. Catharsis – the process releasing strong emotions through particular activities or experience ) Benefits and limitations of Bibliotherapy * BENEFITS * Provides the opportunity for the participants to recognize and understand themselves, their characteristics, and the complexity of human thought and behavior. * Promote social development as well as the love of literature in general, and reading in particular. * Reduces feelings of isolation that may be felt by people with problems. * LIMITATIONS * Availability of materials on certain topics Lack of client readiness and willingness to read. * Clients may also project their own motives onto characters and thus reinforce their own perceptions and solutions – participants may be defensive * Facilitators may have limited knowledge of human development and developmental problems, and inadequate knowledge about appropriate literature. * Clients may be unwilling to discuss areas that are uncomfortable * Facilitators may insist on making a point at the client's expense. http://www. cyc-net. org/cyc-online/cycol-0105-biblio. htm l Selection of booksWhen choosing stories for bibliotherapy there are specific criteria : * The child’s emotional and chronological age should be taken into account * The librarian should know the material * It should be related to the child’s circumstances and feelings * Illustrations should be clear and colourful. * Characters should model healthy adaptation patterns * There should be a character suitable for identification. * The hero in the story should also be portrayed realistically, for instance s/he must have feelings such as uncertainty, fear and anger.S/he must portray unacceptable behaviour such as being naughty, while people still accept him/her. * There should be other characters in the story that are more or less the same as those in the client’s situation * The librarian should know the client’s reading ability * In using bibliotherapy with small groups of children, the same principles of book selection * Any books selected will be suited f or all group members. BIBLIOTHERAPY!! THREE STAGES of BIBLIOTHERAPY 1. IDENTIFICATION.The child identifies with a character, a story line, SOMETHING in the book that   catches their attention. This identification (discovery) can be by the child, or staged by the therapist or   teacher. 2. CATHARSIS. The child is able to release emotions when he/she becomes emotionally involved in   the story. The classroom or office provides a safe place for the child to release (in a classroom, make   sure to guard the child's privacy and confidentiality). The child can release any of several ways, such   as discussion, art work, music . . 3. INSIGHT. With the therapist's help, the child can come to possible solutions to their problem. Or   sometimes, there is no solution, but coping strategies can be suggested and goals made. The   book's suggested solution or coping strategies can be used, if appropriate. | BIBLIOTHERAPY  can be done in group settings or with individuals alone. Bo oks that address problems common to childhood can be read   to groups, even when there aren't any apparent problems. Sometimes a group reading can open discussion and reveal issues.While  BIBLIOTHERAPY  is a good way for children to release pent-up emotions, it should not be considered a cure. Deep psychological   problems can't be resolved or even handled in a classroom setting — these need to be addressed in more intense therapy. | HOW TO USE BIBLIOTHERAPY!!!! (yahoo) 1. Identify your children's needs through observation, parent conferences, classwork, official records, etc. 2. Match the problems with the appropriate books. Make sure that the book is appropriate for the child's reading   level and maturity. 3.Decide on the settings and time for the therapy, and how you will introduce it to the student. 4. Design follow-up activities after the reading. 5. Motivate the child with introductory activities. 6. Engage in the reading, viewing, or listening phase. Ask lea ding questions. 7. Take a break for reflection. 8. Introduce follow-up activities: ~retelling of the story ~in-depth discussion of the book ~art activities ~creative writing ~dramatic activities 9. Discussion and possible solution finding. | http://www. catherineshafer. com/biblio. html Developmental Interactive Bibliotherapy Bibliotherapy is generally defined as the use of literature to promote mental health * Bibliotherapy has been found effective for a number of domains, such as attitude change, self-concept development, fear reduction, problem-solving ability, prosocial behavior, values development, and interpersonal relationship. * Bibliotherapy can offer a wealth of resources not only for problem-centered interventions but also for classroom guidance. Children’s Social-Emotional Development * The concept of emotional intelligence has been widespread in recent educational literature. Emotional intelligence involves the ability to perceive accurately, appraise, and expres s emotion; the ability to access and/or generate feelings when they facilitate thought; the ability to understand emotion and emotional knowledge; and the ability to regulate emotions to promote emotional and intellectual growth. †(p. 10) * Even in the reading lessons that involve only engaging stories, children can learn about how the characters feel and how the characters perform in response to such feelings. * Children learn these social-emotional skills through various medium, such as, literature, art programs, music, and so on. Lang (1998) suggested that a curriculum of social-emotional development should generally cover a wide range of issues. It should involve a concern for the personal and social development. The Transactional Model of Stress * People also differ in their coping patterns. * Emotion-focused coping – avoidance, minimization, distancing, selective attention, and positive comparisons, are likely to occur when there is nothing that can be done to mod ify harmful, or threatening conditions. * Problem-focused coping – amenable to change. * No single strategy that is considered inherently better than any other. Transactional model suggests that to result in emotions and to cope appropriately with the realities of the situation we are facing, we need to appraise correctly. * the concepts of â€Å"appraisal† and â€Å"coping† to the elementary school students is through children’s literature – pertaining to stressful plots and various forms of coping processes and strategies were selected and analyzed Educational Importance of this Study * School counselors to use literature as a method for nurturing children’s social and emotional development. Facilitate discussions with good quality in interactive bibliotherapy, professional skills including active listening, clarification of content, and reflection of feeling are crucial. * Select quality literature-counselors need to expand their collecti ons in various stories pertaining critical issues to children’s social-emotional development at each stage. * Useful to collaborate with other practitioners, such as media specialists, classroom teachers, librarians, and parents. In addition, further knowledge for selecting children’s literature is especially needed.

Project resource management

Project resource managementa)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Direct costs are the costs that are directly attributed to the cost of an activity. They are directly involved in the performance of such an activity. They include direct material purchases, direct labour cost and other direct costs, which can be attributed to a certain activity/ a process. Here, the direct cost includes, the cost of software, the cost of direct labour, force and other direct labour costs made on this project.Direct material purchasesCost of software $670000Cost of 6 [email  protected] 3250 each is $19500Cost of backup software at $4500 each is $27000Direct labour (at $ 54 per labour hour)2 programmers each 40 hours is $43201 database manager for 60 hours is $32402 project analysts for 250 hours is $270001 operations analysts for 20 hours is $10801 interface manager for 20 hours is #10801 networking analysts for 50 hours is $2700Total of direct project cost is $(670000+ 19500+ 27000+4320+3240+27000+1080+1080+2700)Ge neral administration costs are the cost whose expenditure cannot be directly attributed to a specific activity. However, for this project, all expenses/ costs are manifested to be direct/ exclusively affiliated to the project hence they have not been featured in this projectb)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Time phased budget is plan of action, which shows various components of activities in an organizational project in relation to the various cost components. This can be illustrated asActivity     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CostCost of software  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   603000Maintenance of software  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   67000Serves  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   19500Backup software  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  27000Programmers  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4320Database manager  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3240Project analysis  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   27000Operation analysts  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1080Interface  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1080Networking  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2700Total  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   755920c)     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In determining this budget, the team had to use various sets of data. Firstly, the importance of market cost of software inputs was considered. In all cases, it’s important for an organization to estimate a budget using the actual cost of a product or a service. This will help to have an overview of the appropriate cost of these products or activities. Either, the financial outlay is an equally important variable to consider when approximating a budget. For the team, importance was therefore attached to the financial constraint, which could be used to finance the  Ã‚   project. Budgets are limited to a specific cost variable. Therefore, a person should always e nsure that he works out his budget within the limits of this financial constraint. (Hanniqan, Browne, 2000)d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The accuracy of these estimates was influenced by many factors. Broadly, a number of risks can act to influence the accuracy of a budget. Firstly, market risks and uncertainties will act effect to a budget. At the market, are various sets of risks and uncertainties whose influence can highly affect the actual state of a budget estimate. These markets are such as the product, labour, and money markets. Within the product market are the various risks that work to bring disequilibria in the supply and demand of the goods and services. These changes are normally in abrupt/ incidental in their occurrence. With such market instabilities, the equilibrium state of the supply and demand is consequently affected. Previously, the stable interactive forces of the demand and supply help to determine the equilibrium quantities and prices. With the resulting trends of instabilities, such budget approximates (prices) will be destabilized which results into a varying state of the budgeted from the actual price of goods.The equilibrium state of the money market works to determine the stability in supply and demand for money. However, in case of instability within the economy, this equilibrium is affected resulting into a changing scale of the money supply and demand. Such a case will determine various states of a countries currency purchasing power (inflation and deflation).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For this budget therefore, its accuracy could be highly affected by the changing states of the money market (the effects of money supply and  Ã‚   demand on its purchasing power)An important factor within the project cost is labour. Labour supply and demand is a factor of consideration in approximating the budget. The price of labour can be affected by the changing states of the market supply and demand for labour. Such ch anges will affect the pay (wages) for labour within an organization. For this budget, the forces within the market could otherwise influence the labour cost. (Badiru, 1993)The priority concept could be of a high influence on the accuracy of the budget. Depending on teams understanding on the priority concept of various cost elements, accuracy would have been compromised in a case where the cost variable was entered in a biased manner. Some cost factors could have been assumed more important than others, which would not be the case.Different political risk variables affect the cost factors of budgets. This is where, various political shocks may act to affect the state in which various cost results of the market system would be.   These are examples of the various government and political regulations that affect the costing system of various commodities and services. Different political risks also affect the purchasing power of the countries currency. The purchasing power of such a currency is an important factor in determining the accuracy of a budget. Since budget is a plan of expenditure for a certain amount of money, the allocation is however vulnerable to changes depending on the changing prices of the requirements of the budget. The approximate level of risk premiums and allowances allocated by the budget. For accuracy in budget, a risk premium is allowed that helps to capture any external shocks that would therefore affect the actual state of the budget. However, this depends on the interest of the budgeter with varying premiums levels for such different budgets. For each premium, the final accuracy is different in regard to how such premiums would be able to capture these external shocks.E) Before engagement into a budget exercise, the micro and macro factors should be considered. This is in the relevance of the issues that the project would have an influence at both within and outside environment. To this team, this concept application was not an exce ption. Within its micro approach, the team observed the influence of the project budget in relation to the external environment. It considered the various components that were to be related between the project and the entire national outlook as a whole. Since this is a hospital project, the broader community within the state will use it. The intensity of the project is depended on the scale of the service to be given as output by it. The scale of the project is been done in the recognition of the users to be served by the same. The material cost, the quality and intensity have also been subject to consideration in setting the budget.To the micro-level importance has therefore been importance in determining this project. The micro-level consideration has been through an analysis of the factors (in terms of facilities and resources) working within the hospital that depended of profit. Due to the variety of the resource factors, a specific size of a software project could only have bee n hoisted by the hospital facilities. With this aspect in mind, the project budgeting and evaluation has therefore been done with the hospital’s resource variable adequately in mind. The intensity of the facility affiliated to the project is in congruent to the holding capacity of the resources. This has been the team’s view of optimal resource allocations for most optimal benefits. With this concept therefore, the team budgeted the project with an understanding of the relative benefits that would come as service output of the project in relation to the resources. Lack of optimal costing would lead to lower service output of the project in relation to the cost input. (Martin, 2002)Lack of optimal costing would lead to lower service benefits given out by the project. Either, resources include the holding capacity of the hospital facilities. Importance has also attached to the purchase of project inputs that would adequately lead to a maximum output, efficiency, quality and fast data processing by the software project.f) Within the project were a number of constraints that were highly affecting its efficiency. Basically, the constraints fall both within macro and micro level of the project. Firstly, the hospitals resources constraint was all an important constraint of consideration. The team understood that any un-optimal allocation of the project that would not concur with the project resource capacity was costly. This was the firstly consideration within the teams budget schedule for the project. In its understanding therefore, it felt that any un-optimal project expenditure was highly risk for its future benefits. Considering this however, the allocations were done in accordance to the prevailing resource situation of the hospital.Either, financial constraint fetched an important factor in consideration to the cost expenditure for the project. On recognizing the limited supply of the finance for the budget, the allocation were done on priority m anner, with the most important cost factor been employed. Sourcing of material and other projects costs were budgeted in correspondence to the most economical purchasing costs for these variables. Costing is done on the cheapest scale possible through the most quality manner.With the impact of both the market and political risks factors as constraints in consideration, the team could not compromise on their priority. To the team, these risks played an important role in determining the accuracy of the budget plan. It therefore employed various risk premiums and allowances as a variable to capture the external shocks that could be on influence to the structure of the budget. Within their budget scheme therefore, a miscellaneous cost variable could not have been left out whose importance was to cater for any changes in the exact cost perimeter of project cost.References:Hanninqan, C & Browne, M (2000) Project Management :   Going the Distance.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      International Journal of Instructional Media, Vol.27Badiru,A(1993) Qualitative Models For Project Planning, Scheduling and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Control.Westport,CT: Quorum Books.Martin (2002) Managing Projects in Health and Social Care. London: Routledge.